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  <h1>R 语言中的高级图像处理包</h1>

<p>最新的  <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=magick">magick</a>  包是为能够在 R 中更现代化、简单化高质量图像处理而进行的一次努力。该包封装了目前最强大的开源图片处理库  <a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/Magick++/STL.html">ImageMagick STL</a> 。</p>
<p>ImageMagick 库具有大量功能。当前版本的 Magick 公开了很多内容，但是作为第一个发行版本，文档仍然很少。本文简单的介绍了其中一些最重要的概念来帮助了解  <code>magick</code> 。</p>
<h2 id="安装-magick">安装  magick<a class="headerlink" href="#安装-magick" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>在 Windows 或者 MacOS，可以通过 CRAN 安装该软件包。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">install.packages</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;magick&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>二进制 CRAN 软件包开箱即用，只需少量的工作，就可以使绝大多数的重要特性得以实现。使用 <code>magick_config</code>  可以查看您的 ImageMagick 版本支持哪些功能和格式。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">magick</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Linking</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ImageMagick</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">6.9</span><span class="n">.</span><span class="m">9.14</span>
<span class="n">Enabled</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">features</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">freetype</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fftw</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ghostscript</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lcms</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pango</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rsvg</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">webp</span>
<span class="n">Disabled</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">features</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fontconfig</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x11</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">magick</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="nf">magick_config</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">List</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">of</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">21</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">version</span><span class="w">           </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="n">Class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&#39;numeric_version&#39;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">hidden</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">list</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">of</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="n">..</span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="m">4</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">6</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">9</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">9</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">14</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">modules</span><span class="w">           </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">FALSE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo</span><span class="w">             </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fontconfig</span><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">FALSE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">freetype</span><span class="w">          </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fftw</span><span class="w">              </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ghostscript</span><span class="w">       </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">jpeg</span><span class="w">              </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lcms</span><span class="w">              </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">libopenjp2</span><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">FALSE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lzma</span><span class="w">              </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pangocairo</span><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pango</span><span class="w">             </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">png</span><span class="w">               </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rsvg</span><span class="w">              </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tiff</span><span class="w">              </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">webp</span><span class="w">              </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wmf</span><span class="w">               </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">FALSE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x11</span><span class="w">               </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">FALSE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">xml</span><span class="w">               </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">zero</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">configuration</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="源码编译">源码编译<a class="headerlink" href="#源码编译" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Linux 下你需要安装  ImageMagick++ 库。在  Debian/Ubuntu，这个库叫  <a href="https://packages.debian.org/testing/libmagick++-dev">libmagick++-dev</a>：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>sudo<span class="w"> </span>apt-get<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>libmagick++-dev
</code></pre></div>
<p>在 Fedora 或者 CentOS/RHEL 我们需要安装  <a href="https://apps.fedoraproject.org/packages/ImageMagick-c++-devel">ImageMagick-c++-devel</a>：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>sudo<span class="w"> </span>yum<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>ImageMagick-c++-devel
</code></pre></div>
<p>要从 macOS 上的源代码安装，您需要来自 homebrew 的 <code>imagemagick@6</code> 。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>brew<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>imagemagick@6
</code></pre></div>
<p>不幸的是，当前 homebrew  上的 <code>imagemagick@6</code> 配置禁用了许多功能，包括 librsvg 和 fontconfig。 因此，字体和 svg 渲染的质量可能不是最佳的（建议安装时至少加上  <code>--with-fontconfig</code>  和  <code>--with-librsvg</code>  选项来支持高质量的字体和 svg 渲染。CRAN 上的 OS-Xe 二进制包已经默认配置好了）。</p>
<h2 id="图像输入输出">图像输入输出<a class="headerlink" href="#图像输入输出" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>magick 之所以如此神奇，是因为它会自动转换并呈现所有常见的图像格式。ImageMagick 支持数十种格式并自动检测类型。使用 <code>magick::magick_config()</code>  可以列出您的 ImageMagick 版本支持的格式。</p>
<h3 id="读和写">读和写<a class="headerlink" href="#读和写" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>可以使用 <code>image_read</code> 从图像数据的文件路径，URL 或原始矢量直接读取图像。<code>image_info</code> 函数显示有关图像的一些元数据，类似 于 imagemagick 标识命令行实用程序。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">magick</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">tiger</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_read_svg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;http://jeroen.github.io/images/tiger.svg&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">width</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">350</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tiger</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">##   format width height colorspace matte filesize density</span>
<span class="c1">## 1    PNG   350    350       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FuLbjZTWqApeI_8dmyUAEfUhOqac.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FuLbjZTWqApeI_8dmyUAEfUhOqac.png" /></a>
我们使用 <code>image_write</code> 将任何格式的图像导出为磁盘上的文件，或者如果 <code>path = NULL</code> 则导出到内存中的文件。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Render svg to png bitmap</span>
<span class="nf">image_write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tiger</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;tiger.png&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">format</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;png&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>如果 <code>path</code> 是文件名，则 <code>image_write</code> 成功返回 <code>path</code>，以便可以将结果通过文件路径传递给函数。</p>
<h3 id="转换格式">转换格式<a class="headerlink" href="#转换格式" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Magick 以原始格式将图像保留在内存中。你可以在 <code>image_write</code> 中通过指定格式参数以转换为另一种格式。或者还可以在应用转换之前，先在内部将图像转换为其他格式。如果你的原始格式是有损的，这将很有用。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">tiger_png</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_convert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tiger</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;png&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">image_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tiger_png</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">##   format width height colorspace matte filesize density</span>
<span class="c1">## 1    PNG   350    350       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="预览">预览<a class="headerlink" href="#预览" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>具有内置网络浏览器（例如 RStudio）的 IDE 会在查看器中自动显示魔术图像。这就形成了一个整洁的交互式图像编辑环境。
<a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Ful5yh4GHKvGlIxi70EFnN6L3MeE.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="aaa1.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Ful5yh4GHKvGlIxi70EFnN6L3MeE.png" /></a>
另外，在 Linux 上，您可以使用 <code>image_display</code> 在 X11 窗口中预览图像。最后，<code>image_browse</code>  会在你系统默认的应用程序中为给定类型打开图像。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># X11 only</span>
<span class="nf">image_display</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tiger</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="c1"># System dependent</span>
<span class="nf">image_browse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tiger</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>另一种方法是将图像转换为栅格对象，然后将其绘制在 R 的图形显示上。但是，这非常慢，并且仅在与其他绘图功能结合使用时才有用。 请参阅下面的 #raster。</p>
<h2 id="转变">转变<a class="headerlink" href="#转变" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>了解可用转换的最佳方法是遍历 RStudio 中 <code>?transformations</code>  页面中的示例。下面是一些示例。</p>
<h3 id="剪切与编辑">剪切与编辑<a class="headerlink" href="#剪切与编辑" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>一些转换函数采用了 <code>geometry</code>  参数，该参数需要 <code>AxB + C + D</code> 形式的特殊语法，其中每个元素都是可选的。 一些例子：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>image_crop(image, "100x150+50")</code>: crop out <code>width:100px</code> and <code>height:150px</code> starting <code>+50px</code> from the left</li>
<li><code>image_scale(image, "200")</code>: resize proportionally to width: <code>200px</code></li>
<li><code>image_scale(image, "x200")</code>: resize proportionally to height: <code>200px</code></li>
<li><code>image_fill(image, "blue", "+100+200")</code>: flood fill with blue starting at the point at <code>x:100, y:200</code></li>
<li><code>image_border(frink, "red", "20x10")</code>: adds a border of 20px left+right and 10px top+bottom</li>
</ul>
<p>完整的语法，可以参考  <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org/Magick++/Geometry.html">Magick::Geometry</a>  文档。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Example image</span>
<span class="n">frink</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;https://jeroen.github.io/images/frink.png&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">##   format width height colorspace matte filesize density</span>
<span class="c1">## 1    PNG   220    445       sRGB  TRUE    73494   72x72</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FlV7P7YtH_2WQMsxZldbo5KXBcHf.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FlV7P7YtH_2WQMsxZldbo5KXBcHf.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Add 20px left/right and 10px top/bottom</span>
<span class="nf">image_border</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">image_background</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;hotpink&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;#000080&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;20x10&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fm22JgSMAVB9b5lwJs2XdDWduzDQ.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fm22JgSMAVB9b5lwJs2XdDWduzDQ.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Trim margins</span>
<span class="nf">image_trim</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fhx-0wk1Ni1mjMyVt78if2nSYM69.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fhx-0wk1Ni1mjMyVt78if2nSYM69.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Passport pica</span>
<span class="nf">image_crop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;100x150+50&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FiSBcqyBZkTABEShIaxPIN-7yu83.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FiSBcqyBZkTABEShIaxPIN-7yu83.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Resize</span>
<span class="nf">image_scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;300&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># width: 300px</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fv8a1wLrg0-Dlt-AKQFlg1GPRYaR.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fv8a1wLrg0-Dlt-AKQFlg1GPRYaR.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;x300&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># height: 300px</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FjPECLff8hjyjbJccC7d7f224S7l.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FjPECLff8hjyjbJccC7d7f224S7l.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Rotate or mirror</span>
<span class="nf">image_rotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">45</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FtqDPXmQacO5yg1EZiEbpwyG2q4e.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FtqDPXmQacO5yg1EZiEbpwyG2q4e.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_flip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FqnFMwS6VU9CneuQxOfmENoymNuZ.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FqnFMwS6VU9CneuQxOfmENoymNuZ.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_flop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FtimRQfjHX87iVIUFUk4s-LX4Phl.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FtimRQfjHX87iVIUFUk4s-LX4Phl.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Brightness, Saturation, Hue</span>
<span class="nf">image_modulate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">brightness</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">80</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">saturation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">120</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">90</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FvrrMzE6tH0JlZx5hfzfUWfs6Y1E.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FvrrMzE6tH0JlZx5hfzfUWfs6Y1E.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Paint the shirt orange</span>
<span class="nf">image_fill</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;orange&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">point</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;+100+200&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fuzz</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">20</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FluuWhblbeTFArHfOR_XJZkWa31t.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FluuWhblbeTFArHfOR_XJZkWa31t.png" /></a></p>
<p>使用 <code>image_fill</code>，我们可以从像素点开始填充。模糊参数允许填充物穿过具有相似颜色的相邻像素。值必须在 0 到 256^2 之间，指定要视为相等的颜色之间的最大几何距离。在这里，我们给教授 Frink 一件橙色的世界杯衬衫。</p>
<h3 id="滤镜和效果">滤镜和效果<a class="headerlink" href="#滤镜和效果" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>ImageMagick 还具有许多值得去检查尝试的标准效果。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Add randomness</span>
<span class="nf">image_blur</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FqSBckuFlA9keFFc9QPS8KYV_n-J.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FqSBckuFlA9keFFc9QPS8KYV_n-J.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_noise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fm4E54Q30efRLgpkqkDDnYW-qVSa.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fm4E54Q30efRLgpkqkDDnYW-qVSa.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Silly filters</span>
<span class="nf">image_charcoal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FkwXd6SStEoUDHVr4e4JQrLw-Eod.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FkwXd6SStEoUDHVr4e4JQrLw-Eod.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_oilpaint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FmTdWz7FhwrY34RFnZYX7s2qesY0.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FmTdWz7FhwrY34RFnZYX7s2qesY0.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_negate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fh0FBHPspS1QXE7_CUk1ZXveJ4Zi.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fh0FBHPspS1QXE7_CUk1ZXveJ4Zi.png" /></a></p>
<h3 id="核卷积">核卷积<a class="headerlink" href="#核卷积" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><code>image_convolve()</code> 函数在图像上实行  <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(image_processing)">kernel</a>  变换。核卷积是指在核矩阵中，图片每个像素的值根据相邻像素的加权和重新计算。例如，让我们看一下这个简单的核变换：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">kern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">matrix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ncol</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nrow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">kern</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0.25</span>
<span class="n">kern</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">)]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0.25</span>
<span class="n">kern</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0.25</span>
<span class="n">kern</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">##      [,1] [,2] [,3]</span>
<span class="c1">## [1,] 0.00 0.25 0.00</span>
<span class="c1">## [2,] 0.25 0.00 0.25</span>
<span class="c1">## [3,] 0.00 0.25 0.00</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>该核变换将每个像素更改为其水平和垂直相邻像素的平均值，从而在下面的右侧图像中产生轻微的模糊效果：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">img</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_resize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">logo</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;300x300&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">img_blurred</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_convolve</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">kern</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">image_append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">img_blurred</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FtHductdc0XNwIuBIU9FXK5rsupQ.gif" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.gif" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FtHductdc0XNwIuBIU9FXK5rsupQ.gif" /></a></p>
<p>或使用任何的  <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/convolve/">standard kernels</a>：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">img</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%&gt;%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_convolve</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Sobel&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%&gt;%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_negate</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FoMamLgClJsXl-uY4LIEKg-qqigu.gif" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.gif" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FoMamLgClJsXl-uY4LIEKg-qqigu.gif" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">img</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%&gt;%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_convolve</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;DoG:0,0,2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%&gt;%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_negate</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FoLfKyxFDjLDaiCljebugew_HJNX.gif" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.gif" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FoLfKyxFDjLDaiCljebugew_HJNX.gif" /></a></p>
<h3 id="文本注释">文本注释<a class="headerlink" href="#文本注释" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>最后，在图像的最上层打印输出一些文本往往是十分有用的：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Add some text</span>
<span class="nf">image_annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;bioinit&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">70</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">gravity</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;southwest&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">color</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;green&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FghbpybZdHGe8qiWvybFp8kx-TSA.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="bioinit.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FghbpybZdHGe8qiWvybFp8kx-TSA.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Customize text</span>
<span class="nf">image_annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Welcome to bioinit&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">30</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">color</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;red&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">boxcolor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;pink&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="n">degrees</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">60</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">location</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;+50+100&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fj1tPMGunbPzMECKBpX8O9HB8y_u.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="preview.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fj1tPMGunbPzMECKBpX8O9HB8y_u.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Fonts may require ImageMagick has fontconfig</span>
<span class="nf">image_annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Hello world, bioinit!&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">font</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&#39;Times&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">30</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FpjTastp1y53grVXsxWC88FR_BbU.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="he.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FpjTastp1y53grVXsxWC88FR_BbU.png" /></a></p>
<p>大多数平台上支持的字体，包括  <code>"sans"</code>， <code>"mono"</code>， <code>"serif"</code>， <code>"Times"</code>， <code>"Helvetica"</code>， <code>"Trebuchet"</code>， <code>"Georgia"</code>， <code>"Palatino"</code> ，以及  <code>"Comic Sans"</code> 。</p>
<h3 id="与管道结合">与管道结合<a class="headerlink" href="#与管道结合" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>每个图像转换功能都会返回一个原始图像的修改后的副本。它不会影响原始图像。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">frink</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;https://jeroen.github.io/images/frink.png&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">frink2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;100&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">image_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">##   format width height colorspace matte filesize density</span>
<span class="c1">## 1    PNG   220    445       sRGB  TRUE    73494   72x72</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink2</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">##   format width height colorspace matte filesize density</span>
<span class="c1">## 1    PNG   100    202       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>因此，要组合转换，你需要将它们链接起来：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">test</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_rotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">90</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">test</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_background</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;blue&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">flatten</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">test</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_border</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;red&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;10x10&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">test</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;This is how we combine transformations&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">color</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;white&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">30</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">##   format width height colorspace matte filesize density</span>
<span class="c1">## 1    PNG   465    240       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FiZaDDUtB1k9p62GOCPussr6Gfyp.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FiZaDDUtB1k9p62GOCPussr6Gfyp.png" /></a></p>
<p>使用 <code>magrittr</code> 管道语法，可以使这一过程更具可读性。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;https://jeroen.github.io/images/frink.png&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%&gt;%</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">image_rotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">270</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%&gt;%</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">image_background</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;blue&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">flatten</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%&gt;%</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">image_border</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;red&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;10x10&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%&gt;%</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">image_annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;The same thing with pipes&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">color</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;white&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">30</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FmcKRSe3mMoK9MN95raRD49ud1lZ.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FmcKRSe3mMoK9MN95raRD49ud1lZ.png" /></a></p>
<h2 id="图像向量">图像向量<a class="headerlink" href="#图像向量" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>上面的示例涉及的是单个图像。但是，Magick 中的所有函数都已经过向量化，以支持图层、合成或动画的处理。</p>
<p>标准的基本方法 <code>[</code> ，<code>[[</code>，<code>c()</code> 和 <code>length()</code>  可用于处理图像向量，然后可以将其视为图层或帧。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Download earth gif and make it a bit smaller for vignette</span>
<span class="n">earth</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;https://jeroen.github.io/images/earth.gif&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%&gt;%</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">image_scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;200x&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%&gt;%</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">image_quantize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">128</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="nf">length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">earth</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">## [1] 44</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">earth</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fpa3AW70VCwbjcfCX1WhsEtPew8T.gif" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.gif" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fpa3AW70VCwbjcfCX1WhsEtPew8T.gif" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">head</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">image_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">earth</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">##   format width height colorspace matte filesize density</span>
<span class="c1">## 1    GIF   200    200        RGB FALSE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 2    GIF   200    200        RGB FALSE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 3    GIF   200    200        RGB FALSE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 4    GIF   200    200        RGB FALSE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 5    GIF   200    200        RGB FALSE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 6    GIF   200    200        RGB FALSE        0   72x72</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">rev</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">earth</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%&gt;%</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">image_flip</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%&gt;%</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">image_annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;meanwhile in Australia&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">20</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">color</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;white&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FlYafL-QG-ZIglCUtvU4JbtwSBns.gif" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.gif" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FlYafL-QG-ZIglCUtvU4JbtwSBns.gif" /></a></p>
<h3 id="图层">图层<a class="headerlink" href="#图层" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>我们可以像在 Photoshop 中那样，将图层堆叠在一起：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">bigdata</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;https://jeroen.github.io/images/bigdata.jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">frink</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;https://jeroen.github.io/images/frink.png&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">logo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;https://jeroen.github.io/images/Rlogo.png&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">img</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bigdata</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logo</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">img</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;300x300&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">image_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">##   format width height colorspace matte filesize density</span>
<span class="c1">## 1   JPEG   300    225       sRGB FALSE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 2    PNG   300    232       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 3    PNG   148    300       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>打印的图案相互镶嵌叠加在一起，从而扩展输出画布，使所有内容都适合：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_mosaic</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FlrHVyMABla_IaW2H5Lg7u5hFhGg.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FlrHVyMABla_IaW2H5Lg7u5hFhGg.png" /></a></p>
<p>Flattening  扁平化处理将各个图层合并成一张与第一张图片大小相同的图片：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_flatten</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FtKu0aAfNLknk0XBsGoYQg51kuxP.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FtKu0aAfNLknk0XBsGoYQg51kuxP.png" /></a></p>
<p>Flattening  和 mosaic 处理允许指定其他的复合运算符操作(<a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/Magick++/Enumerations.html#CompositeOperator">composite operators</a>)：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_flatten</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&#39;Add&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fv_TlL5Et38wV_iwCH8v4TmNDbPH.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fv_TlL5Et38wV_iwCH8v4TmNDbPH.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_flatten</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&#39;Modulate&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FuitoCzoSHeNEveFBN15yg2kGm45.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FuitoCzoSHeNEveFBN15yg2kGm45.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_flatten</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&#39;Minus&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FuhGpcsil9xtxh0twGNC5GnzO8L4.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FuhGpcsil9xtxh0twGNC5GnzO8L4.png" /></a></p>
<h3 id="合并">合并<a class="headerlink" href="#合并" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Appending  追加意味着将框架彼此相邻放置：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">image_scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;x200&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FtxpdQkHZFwzkLBJgahib9MT_4nF.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FtxpdQkHZFwzkLBJgahib9MT_4nF.png" /></a></p>
<p>使用 <code>stack = TRUE</code>  可以将它们放置在彼此的顶部：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">image_scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;100&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">stack</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FhMVlwTnOjh9yUkQtlMPi5Od6NF_.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FhMVlwTnOjh9yUkQtlMPi5Od6NF_.png" /></a></p>
<p>合成允许在特定位置上组合两个图像：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">bigdatafrink</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">image_rotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">image_background</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;none&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">300</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;x200&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">image_composite</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">image_scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bigdata</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;x400&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bigdatafrink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">offset</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;+180+100&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FkOEAsghPH7_g7BKUJdGWhefsNsT.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FkOEAsghPH7_g7BKUJdGWhefsNsT.png" /></a></p>
<h3 id="页面">页面<a class="headerlink" href="#页面" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>当读取 PDF 文档时，每个页面都成为向量的一个元素。注意，PDF 是在读取时呈现的，因此需要立即指定密度。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">manual</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_read_pdf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;https://cloud.r-project.org/web/packages/magick/magick.pdf&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">density</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">72</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">image_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">manual</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">##    format width height colorspace matte filesize density</span>
<span class="c1">## 1     PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 2     PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 3     PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 4     PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 5     PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 6     PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 7     PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 8     PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 9     PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 10    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 11    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 12    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 13    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 14    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 15    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 16    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 17    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 18    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 19    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 20    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 21    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 22    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 23    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 24    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 25    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 26    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 27    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 28    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 29    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 30    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 31    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 32    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 33    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 34    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 35    PNG   612    792       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">manual</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fu_HHq0k0faj2Ykl3CMnW2PvcEbZ.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fu_HHq0k0faj2Ykl3CMnW2PvcEbZ.png" /></a></p>
<h3 id="动画">动画<a class="headerlink" href="#动画" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>除了将矢量元素视为图层之外，我们还可以将它们制作成动画帧！</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_animate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">image_scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;200x200&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fps</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dispose</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;previous&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FvQD-fSNeprbTsmi5Y6xj7UZ3SSG.gif" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.gif" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FvQD-fSNeprbTsmi5Y6xj7UZ3SSG.gif" /></a></p>
<p>变形创建了 <code>n</code> 个图像序列，这些序列逐渐地将一个图像变形为另一个图像。这样，它就变成了动画。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">newlogo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">image_read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;https://jeroen.github.io/images/Rlogo.png&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;x150&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">oldlogo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">image_read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;https://developer.r-project.org/Logo/Rlogo-3.png&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;x150&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">frames</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_morph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">oldlogo</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newlogo</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">frames</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">image_animate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frames</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fs0Fqy5mNgieuIAqqP5SyRCcaUjQ.gif" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.gif" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fs0Fqy5mNgieuIAqqP5SyRCcaUjQ.gif" /></a></p>
<p>如果您读入现有的 GIF 或视频文件，则每一帧都会变成一个图层：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Foreground image</span>
<span class="n">banana</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;https://jeroen.github.io/images/banana.gif&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">banana</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">banana</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;150&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">image_info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">banana</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">##   format width height colorspace matte filesize density</span>
<span class="c1">## 1    GIF   150    148       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 2    GIF   150    148       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 3    GIF   150    148       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 4    GIF   150    148       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 5    GIF   150    148       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 6    GIF   150    148       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 7    GIF   150    148       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 8    GIF   150    148       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>处理各个帧并将其放回动画中：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Background image</span>
<span class="n">background</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_background</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">image_scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">logo</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;200&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;white&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">flatten</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="c1"># Combine and flatten frames</span>
<span class="n">frames</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_composite</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">background</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">banana</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">offset</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;+70+30&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="c1"># Turn frames into animation</span>
<span class="n">animation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_animate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frames</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fps</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">animation</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">##   format width height colorspace matte filesize density</span>
<span class="c1">## 1    gif   200    155       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 2    gif   200    155       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 3    gif   200    155       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 4    gif   200    155       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 5    gif   200    155       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 6    gif   200    155       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 7    gif   200    155       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 8    gif   200    155       sRGB  TRUE        0   72x72</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FjHQESx0Dsy7q8otiCpbGA0kpMQ7.gif" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.gif" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FjHQESx0Dsy7q8otiCpbGA0kpMQ7.gif" /></a></p>
<p>动画可以另存为 GIF 格式的  MPEG 文件：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">animation</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Rlogo-banana.gif&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="绘图与图形">绘图与图形<a class="headerlink" href="#绘图与图形" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>该软件包的一个相对较新的组件是一个本地的 R 图形设备，它生成 magick 图像对象。它可以像用于绘制绘图的常规设备一样使用它，也可以打开一个使用像素坐标绘制到现有图像的设备。</p>
<h3 id="图形设备">图形设备<a class="headerlink" href="#图形设备" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><code>image_graph()</code> 函数可打开一个新的图形设备，类似于 <code>png()</code> 或 <code>x11()</code> 。它返回要写入绘图的图像对象。绘图设备中的每个“page”都将成为图像对象中的一帧。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Produce image using graphics device</span>
<span class="n">fig</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_graph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">width</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">400</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">height</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">400</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">96</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">ggplot2</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="nf">qplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mpg</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">wt</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mtcars</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">colour</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cyl</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">dev.off</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>我们可以使用常规图像操作轻松地对图形进行后处理。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Combine</span>
<span class="n">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_composite</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fig</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">offset</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;+70+30&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">out</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">## # A tibble: 1 x 7</span>
<span class="c1">##   format width height colorspace matte filesize density</span>
<span class="c1">##   &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;int&gt;  &lt;int&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;lgl&gt;    &lt;int&gt; &lt;chr&gt;</span>
<span class="c1">## 1 PNG      400    400 sRGB       TRUE         0 72x72</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FkDdPqcnq84W9woFJ-B_ftetqlfH.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FkDdPqcnq84W9woFJ-B_ftetqlfH.png" /></a></p>
<h3 id="绘图设备">绘图设备<a class="headerlink" href="#绘图设备" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>使用图形设备的另一种方法是使用像素坐标在现有图像的上面绘制。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Or paint over an existing image</span>
<span class="n">img</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_draw</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">rect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">20</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">20</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">200</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">100</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">border</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;red&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lty</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;dashed&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lwd</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">abline</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">h</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">300</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">col</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&#39;blue&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lwd</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&#39;10&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lty</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;dotted&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">30</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">250</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Hoiven-Glaven&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">family</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;monospace&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">srt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">90</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">palette</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">rainbow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">11</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">end</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0.9</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="nf">symbols</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">rep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">200</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">11</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">seq</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">400</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">40</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">circles</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">runif</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">11</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">35</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="n">bg</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="m">11</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inches</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">add</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">TRUE</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">dev.off</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">## # A tibble: 1 x 7</span>
<span class="c1">##   format width height colorspace matte filesize density</span>
<span class="c1">##   &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;int&gt;  &lt;int&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;lgl&gt;    &lt;int&gt; &lt;chr&gt;</span>
<span class="c1">## 1 PNG      220    445 sRGB       TRUE         0 72x72</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FgRXn3ahO3jSVUf3HavycJkSQDN9.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FgRXn3ahO3jSVUf3HavycJkSQDN9.png" /></a></p>
<p>默认情况下，<code>image_draw()</code> 将所有空白设置为 0，并使用图形坐标来匹配图像大小，像素(宽度 x 高度)为左上角 (0,0)。注意，这意味着 y 轴从上到下递增，这与典型的图形坐标相反。您可以通过向 <code>image_draw</code> 传递定制的 <code>xlim</code>、<code>ylim</code> 或 <code>mar</code> 值来覆盖所有这些。</p>
<h3 id="动画图形">动画图形<a class="headerlink" href="#动画图形" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>图形设备支持多帧，这使它很容易创建动画图形。下面的代码展示了如何使用 magick 图形设备实现来自非常酷的 <a href="https://github.com/dgrtwo/gganimate">gganimate</a>  包的示例。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gapminder</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ggplot2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">img</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_graph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">600</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">340</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">96</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">datalist</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gapminder</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">gapminder</span><span class="o">$</span><span class="n">year</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">lapply</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">datalist</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">){</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ggplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">aes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gdpPercap</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lifeExp</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">color</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">continent</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="nf">scale_size</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;population&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">limits</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gapminder</span><span class="o">$</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">geom_point</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ylim</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">20</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">90</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="nf">scale_x_log10</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">limits</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gapminder</span><span class="o">$</span><span class="n">gdpPercap</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ggtitle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">$</span><span class="n">year</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">theme_classic</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">})</span>
<span class="nf">dev.off</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">animation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_animate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fps</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">animation</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">## # A tibble: 12 x 7</span>
<span class="c1">##    format width height colorspace matte filesize density</span>
<span class="c1">##    &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;int&gt;  &lt;int&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;lgl&gt;    &lt;int&gt; &lt;chr&gt;</span>
<span class="c1">##  1 gif      600    340 sRGB       TRUE         0 72x72</span>
<span class="c1">##  2 gif      600    340 sRGB       TRUE         0 72x72</span>
<span class="c1">##  3 gif      600    340 sRGB       TRUE         0 72x72</span>
<span class="c1">##  4 gif      600    340 sRGB       TRUE         0 72x72</span>
<span class="c1">##  5 gif      600    340 sRGB       TRUE         0 72x72</span>
<span class="c1">##  6 gif      600    340 sRGB       TRUE         0 72x72</span>
<span class="c1">##  7 gif      600    340 sRGB       TRUE         0 72x72</span>
<span class="c1">##  8 gif      600    340 sRGB       TRUE         0 72x72</span>
<span class="c1">##  9 gif      600    340 sRGB       TRUE         0 72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 10 gif      600    340 sRGB       TRUE         0 72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 11 gif      600    340 sRGB       TRUE         0 72x72</span>
<span class="c1">## 12 gif      600    340 sRGB       TRUE         0 72x72</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FmnLc502JTXejGFx4lRklxXWcfLH.gif" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.gif" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FmnLc502JTXejGFx4lRklxXWcfLH.gif" /></a></p>
<p>要将其写入文件，您只需执行以下操作：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">image_write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">animation</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;gapminder.gif&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="光栅图像">光栅图像<a class="headerlink" href="#光栅图像" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Magick 图像也可以转换为光栅对象，来用于 R 的图形设备。因此，我们可以将它与其他图形工具相结合。然而，请注意，R 的图形设备非常慢，且它有一个非常不同的坐标系，它会降低图像的质量。</p>
<h3 id="基础格栅">基础格栅<a class="headerlink" href="#基础格栅" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Base R 有一个 as.raster 格式，它可将图像转换为字符串向量。Paul Murrell  在  <a href="https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2011-1/RJournal_2011-1_Murrell.pdf">Raster Images in R Graphics</a>  一文中给出了一个很好的概述。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">as.raster</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Foylwf9AX4zNBs0JGF4rHbQU5KdW.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Foylwf9AX4zNBs0JGF4rHbQU5KdW.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Print over another graphic</span>
<span class="nf">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cars</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">rasterImage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">21</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">25</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FsLD8uRNCnhiVMS-8fYZ2as4aRa6.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FsLD8uRNCnhiVMS-8fYZ2as4aRa6.png" /></a></p>
<h3 id="grid-包">grid 包<a class="headerlink" href="#grid-包" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><code>grid</code> 包使您更容易在图形设备上叠加栅格，而不必调整绘图的 x/y 坐标。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ggplot2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">grid</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">qplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">speed</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dist</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cars</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">geom</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;point&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;smooth&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">## `geom_smooth()` using method = &#39;loess&#39; and formula &#39;y ~ x&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">grid.raster</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FjD7xj3dzxfoQUKjtTpZFXXTHvf_.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FjD7xj3dzxfoQUKjtTpZFXXTHvf_.png" /></a></p>
<h3 id="raster-包">raster 包<a class="headerlink" href="#raster-包" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>raster 包具有自己的 bitmaps  类，这些类对于空间应用程序很有用。将图像转换为栅格的最简单方法是将其导出为 <code>tiff</code> 文件：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">tiff_file</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">tempfile</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nf">image_write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tiff_file</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">format</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&#39;tiff&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">r</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">raster</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="nf">brick</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tiff_file</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">raster</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="nf">plotRGB</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FlxSnpf3uVblq7UZ6DWy39UJKFrk.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/FlxSnpf3uVblq7UZ6DWy39UJKFrk.png" /></a></p>
<p>你还可以手动将位图数组(bitmap array )转换为栅格对象，但这似乎会删除一些元数据：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">buf</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">as.integer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frink</span><span class="p">[[</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">]])</span>
<span class="n">rr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">raster</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="nf">brick</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">raster</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="nf">plotRGB</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">asp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="ocr-文本提取">OCR 文本提取<a class="headerlink" href="#ocr-文本提取" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p><code>magick</code>  最新的功能是利用 OCR 技术从图片中提取文本。这需要 <code>tesseract</code> 包。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nf">install.packages</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;tesseract&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">img</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">image_read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;http://jeroen.github.io/images/testocr.png&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nf">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">## # A tibble: 1 x 7</span>
<span class="c1">##   format width height colorspace matte filesize density</span>
<span class="c1">##   &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;int&gt;  &lt;int&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;lgl&gt;    &lt;int&gt; &lt;chr&gt;</span>
<span class="c1">## 1 PNG      640    480 sRGB       TRUE     23359 72x72</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><a class="glightbox" href="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fl0CF7q5gK6U-qs6AQnC8ZbOa1SO.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="image.png" src="https://shub.weiyan.tech/yuque/elog-cookbook-img/Fl0CF7q5gK6U-qs6AQnC8ZbOa1SO.png" /></a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># Extract text</span>
<span class="nf">cat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">image_ocr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1">## This is a lot of 12 point text to test the</span>
<span class="c1">## ocr code and see if it works on all types</span>
<span class="c1">## of file format.</span>
<span class="c1">##</span>
<span class="c1">## The quick brown dog jumped over the</span>
<span class="c1">## lazy fox. The quick brown dog jumped</span>
<span class="c1">## over the lazy fox. The quick brown dog</span>
<span class="c1">## jumped over the lazy fox. The quick</span>
<span class="c1">## brown dog jumped over the lazy fox.</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="总结">总结<a class="headerlink" href="#总结" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>本文章篇幅很长，对 magick 包的各种使用非常直观详细。作为与 “ImageMagick” 绑定，可用的最全面的开源图像处理库，magick 包支持许多常见格式（png，jpeg，tiff，pdf 等）和操作（旋转，缩放，修剪，修剪，翻转，模糊等）。这些所有操作都是通过 Magick ++ STL 矢量化的，这意味着它们可以在单个帧或一系列帧上进行操作，以处理图层，拼贴或动画。</p>
<p>在 RStudio 中，可以将图像打印到控制台后会自动预览，从而形成一个交互式编辑环境。因此，强烈推荐大家在 RStudio 中进行使用和测试。</p>
<p>更多  magick、ImageMagick 相关的 R 语言高级图像处理操作，有兴趣的童鞋可以自行去研究学习，也欢迎大家留言交流。</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>参考资料：</strong></p>
<p><a href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/magick/vignettes/intro.html">https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/magick/vignettes/intro.html</a></p>
</blockquote>







  
    
  
  


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